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              <text>The bowl is painted with prunus under the moon, such that the blossom is an iconic symbol of the Southern Song. This may due to the fact that the blossom was flourished in the capital of Southern Song, i.e. HangZhou, and the falling of prunus represents the political instability during the period of time metaphorically. Since Southern Song is a period that prefers the pen to the sword, the composition of this design may be inspired by literati calling on the artistic conception of the beauty of blossoms under the gentle light of a crescent moon. The pairing gives a sense of tranquility.&#13;
The bowl was made of stoneware coated with white glaze inside. Song dynasty played an important role in the advancement of pottery production, many prestigious pottery kilns thrived and more technically innovative ways were adopted and glazing was a major method to make raw ceramics look mature. The ceramic was fired under high temperature. After that, glazing gave an effect of iridescence under the reflection of light and a smooth texture. While for the outside of the bowl, the texture remains raw at the bottom.&#13;
This kind of small bowl was usually used for the consumption of alcohol and tea.  </text>
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              <text>Gift of Mr Ronald Tam</text>
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              <text>One of the most common types of vessels found in Han tombs, this rounded storage jar (&lt;em&gt;hu&lt;/em&gt;) would have been used to hold offerings of wine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lead glazes in shades of green and brown became popular in the Han dynasty as a way to make earthenware non-porous. Glazing also had the effect of imitating the appearance of more expensive bronze vessels, which had been a staple of tomb furnishings since the Shang dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BCE). The characteristic iridescence of such objects results from their exposure to moisture in damp tombs.</text>
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              <text>Dui is a vessel developed from Gui.[1]  In the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, Dui was originally used in ritual events to hold food and a symbol of social ranking. It is a combination of a bowl that holds rice and a covering lid. [2] &#13;
&#13;
This vessel illustrates a typical Dui design that started in the late Spring and Autumn Period.[3] It is a sphere sliced open in the middle, creating two parts similar in shape, demonstrating advanced craftsmanship at that time. Both the bowl and the lid have two ring ear handles and three ring legs. So, the lid can stand alone and used as a bowl too.[4]&#13;
&#13;
The bowl has a shoulder, straight neck and smaller diameter mouth, while the mouth of the lid is larger (子母口).[5]  Therefore, the lid can be placed upon the bowl without disrupting its smooth appearance. Rings of grooves parallel to the ground (瓦紋),[6] one of the simplest decorative elements for bronze vessels, is used to decorate the vessel's surface. This may be due to Dui started to be used as daily food vessels during the Warring States Period, less focus on the aesthetics.[7] &#13;
&#13;
The area surrounding the rings ears are flat and lower than the ridges of the grooves. Also, some ridges near the rings are distorted, proving that the ring ears and the grooves were made separately. &#13;
&#13;
However, Dui started to decline in the Qin and Han dynasty due to difficulties in production and lack of practicality. Dui was then replaced by other iron-made vessels and earthenware.  [8][9]&#13;
&#13;
[1] 陳佩芬., 吳鎮烽, 熊傳薪., 馬承源, &amp; 熊傳薪. (2003). 中國靑銅器 (Xiu ding ben.; 修訂本. ed., 文物博物館系列敎材). 上海: 上海古籍出版社.&#13;
[2] 谷朝旭, &amp; 张懋镕. (2016). 中国古代青铜器整理与研究. 青铜敦卷 (Di yi ban.; 第一版. ed.). 北京: 科学出版社.&#13;
[3] 陳佩芬., 吳鎮烽, 熊傳薪., 馬承源, &amp; 熊傳薪. (2003). 中國靑銅器 (Xiu ding ben.; 修訂本. ed., 文物博物館系列敎材). 上海: 上海古籍出版社.&#13;
[4] Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. Avery Brundage Collection &amp; Lefebvre d'Argencé, René Yvon (1977). Bronze vessels of ancient China in the Avery Brundage Collection. San Francisco The Museum&#13;
[5] 李建伟., 牛瑞红., &amp; 牛瑞红. (2000). 中国青铜器图录 (Di 1 ban.; 第1版. ed.). 北京: 中国商业出版社 : 新华书店经销.&#13;
[6] 林巳奈夫, 廣濑薰雄, &amp; 郭永秉. (2019). 殷周時代靑銅器纹饰之研究 (Di 1 ban.; 第1版. ed., 殷周靑銅器綜覽 ; 2). 上海: 上海古籍出版社.&#13;
[7] 馬承源. (2002). 中國靑銅器硏究 (Di 1 ban.; 第1版. ed.). 上海: 上海古籍出版社.&#13;
[8] 陳佩芬., 吳鎮烽, 熊傳薪., 馬承源, &amp; 熊傳薪. (2003). 中國靑銅器 (Xiu ding ben.; 修訂本. ed., 文物博物館系列敎材). 上海: 上海古籍出版社.&#13;
[9] Li, H. (1980). The wonder of Chinese bronzes. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.&#13;
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              <text>HKU.B.1953.0018</text>
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              <text>This plain halberd head is decorated with crude patterns— simple and smooth lines at the pointed end which suggests that it might be mould-made instead of handcrafted. Holes are pierced on its body for attachment to wood or bamboo handles. Despite lacking in decoration, the surface is glazed with metal, probably tin, which was popularly used in Eastern Zhou bronze weapon production. Compared to those heavily decorated objects in the Shang dynasty, bronze products in the Zhou dynasty are mostly austere with simplistic designs which reveal a change in fashion trend and a shift in common idea to “less is more” (in Chinese pusu). Abundant bronze weapons in multiple sizes and shapes, including this kind of halberd head, were commonly excavated together with kilns in production sites located at Qishan, Shaanxi (formerly known as Zhouyuan), and Xian, Shaanxi (formerly named Fenghao) which revealed the mass production scale and maturation of the bronze industry in the Zhou dynasty. Over 180 pieces of bronze objects, including vessels and weapons like this, were also uncovered in a tomb at Sanmenxia, Henan. Accompanying the dead underground, bronze weapons served as protection in the afterlife and gave ancient Chinese a sense of security.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;This ear cup was found to be existed in the 475-221BCE such that has a rough and rusty inner surface while the outside is smoother and consists of some patterns. The first one is composed with two isosceles triangle pointing opposite direction decorating around the edge of the cup. The second one locates at the lower part of the cup which looks like the face of an animals such that also decorating around the cup. Not only the body of the cup was decorated, but also the handle was made with certain kind of patterns.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This object is made of bronze which, was the hardest material in The Bronze Age, is a kind of alloy consisting copper and usually tin (Helmenstine, 2019). Besides, the antioxidizing properties made them durable under air exposure due to the formation of copper oxide which protects the interior material from further oxidation (Helmenstine, 2019). This results in a frequently usage of bronze in the Warring States period &lt;span&gt;and the utensil remains intact until now. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The overall shape of the cup is more likely to be rough. One noticeable feature is that the edge of the cup becomes thinner in the middle. This implies that this cup was made to be functional instead of entertaining.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reference list:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. (2019, June 21). What are the composition and properties of bronze? Retrieved March 23, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/bronze-composition-and-properties-603730&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-475</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-221</text>
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              <text>6.5cm</text>
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          <name>Length (cm)</name>
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              <text>13.5cm</text>
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          <name>Diameter (cm)</name>
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              <text>Inner circle diameter: 12.5cm</text>
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              <text>Outer circle diameter: 13.1cm</text>
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          <name>Credit Line</name>
          <description>The name of the individual or institution that donated the object to the museum, the source of a purchase, or the name of a loaning individual or institution</description>
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              <text>Gift of Mr. Tam Bing Yiu</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
          <description>A unique identifier for an object</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>HKU.B.2009.1813</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>BRONZE EAR CUP</text>
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          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
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          <name>Date From</name>
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              <text>-480</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-221 </text>
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              <text>Bronze</text>
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              <text>0.3</text>
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              <text>19</text>
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              <text>J.Keswick</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.B.1955.0154</text>
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          <description>A short physical description of the object with an overview of its historical and social significance</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="254">
              <text>On the decoration side of the mirror, it is engraved with mythic animals such as phoneixes, and dragons by using red pigment. These animals were used as fine patterns by specialists for bronze bianhu and other wares in the Warring states. There is a triple-fluted knob on this side. Triple-fluted knob was a popular design of knob in Warring States. As the mirror is in circular shape, this pierced knob was created for a cord or string to pass, which can let the owner to hold it. &#13;
&#13;
On this side, there are two features that shows this mirror is from late Warring States. One is the small-intricate patterns on mirror. This design means the use of mirrors change from only for special purpose to daily use. This shows the mirror is  from late Warring State as this change happened in the late Warring States. Another feature is the design of rims. Outer rim is in circular shape while inner rim is in concave shape, and the innerest rim is in circular shape again. This type of design further prove this mirror is made in the late Warring State.&#13;
&#13;
On the other side of the mirror, it was grinded by flat grinding stones. Random reflection caused by uneven surface was avoided. Therefore, it was shiny enough for self adornment. However, bronze was corroded by oxygen with the increase of time. Therefore, the situation of bronze is no longer shiny and strong.&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Bronze mirror: Painted	&#13;
dragons	and	phoenixes</text>
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                <text>Bronze mirror: Painted	&#13;
dragons	and	phoenixes</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>From 480-221 BC</text>
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              <text>Huai, Henan, China&#13;
&#13;
Karlgren, B., &amp; Wirgin, J. (1969).  Chinese Bronzes The Natanael Wessen Collection. The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities.</text>
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              <text>N/A</text>
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          <description>A short physical description of the object with an overview of its historical and social significance</description>
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              <text>This belt hook has a shape of a pipa. Along its body, the ‘cross’ pattern still exists and the hook is decorated with turquoise and an inlay of gold, showing that there were excellent production techniques. On the lower half of the body, 2 small circular gold pieces are embedded, revealing that materials used in belt hooks were means to show the level of people’s social status.&#13;
&#13;
A back stud is situated at the back of the hook and people would insert it into a hole of the belt. The head of the hook is curled upwards, people would then insert it into another hole of the belt and fasten their clothes along the waist. Belt hook was also useful in other situations, for example, when people want to hold swords or objects like jade ornaments. Later, people used belt buckles instead of belt hooks.&#13;
&#13;
It has been found that in the 4th century B.C.E., nomads living in the northern and northwestern areas were probably the first people who brought the concepts of belt hooks. Nomads tried to invade the southern and southeastern areas by breaching the ‘Great Wall’ and they rode on horses in wars normally. Therefore, nomads needed to wear trousers fasten with belt hook and the idea of belt hooks was transferred. However, belt hooks have been found in tombs dating back from the Warring States Period to the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.), so people suspected belt hooks might be originated from the Huaxia people too.&#13;
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              <text>4.8 cm</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.C.1954.0087&#13;
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              <text>The Jizhou kilns which were established in the 10th century and active until the late Yuan dynasty (1279 –1368) in Ji’an county were prominent for visionary designs and novel techniques. During production, paper–cut plum blossom and phoenix patterns were placed by potters on an original layer of black glaze of the bowls and painted the whole bowl with brown glaze inside. After the destruction of paper cuts during firing, the designs in black were left on the inside of the bowls. Phoenix, ‘Fenghuang’ in Chinese, is a mythological bird which symbolized the harmony of Yin and Yang and the beginning of a new era. According to the Classic of Mountains and Seas, manifold body parts of Fenghuang represent different unique meanings. The head represents virtue (德), back for propriety (禮), chest represents mercy (仁), and abdomen means credibility(信) and the wings mean duty (義). Fenghuang appeared before the death of the Yellow Emperor, who was a heavily praised and worshipped governor of China at around 27 century BCE due to his extraordinary achievements in civilization, social and political progress. Plum blossoms are one of the ‘Three Friends of Winter’ with pine and bamboo as they resemble perseverance and resilience in Confucianism due to withstanding of extreme coldness. Plum blossoms especially symbolize integrity and purity because they blossom most vividly in the frosting season. Therefore, they are the ones which represent winter among the ‘Flowers of the Four Seasons’. Furthermore, they are one of the ‘Four Gentlemen’ among flowers in Chinese literature. It is believed that the potters intentionally add plum blossoms patterns to set off the virtue of Fenghuang. &#13;
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <description>A 3D rendering of a physical object.</description>
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          <name>Place of Origin</name>
          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>China</text>
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          <name>Culture/Period</name>
          <description>A broad historical period, archaeological culture, or artistic movement in which an object was made</description>
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              <text>Warring States</text>
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          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-475</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>-221</text>
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          <description>What an object is made of, including any later additions (mounts, frames, etc.)</description>
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              <text>Bronze</text>
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              <text>3.4</text>
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          <name>Length (cm)</name>
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              <text>55.3</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
          <description>A unique identifier for an object</description>
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              <text>HKU.B.1954.0098</text>
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          <name>Description</name>
          <description>A short physical description of the object with an overview of its historical and social significance</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="650">
              <text>This is a sword coming from the Warring States period of China. The body of this sword has no decorative pattern, and the design is simple and primitive. Its length suggests that it might be a sword from the middle of the Warring States period because the length of the early Warring States period is usually 20 to 30 cm, and the length of the late period is generally more than 70 cm. During the Warring States period, the length of swords became longer and longer, and people generally thought that the longer the swords, the better attacking power, the more practical use. &#13;
&#13;
This sword has no typical sword head, which is an ornament inlaid on the sword stem. It usually indicates the hierarchical status of the owner. As time goes by, this bronze sword has been oxidized to turquoise. The part "Ge" also began to loosen from the sword body. However, the overall preservation of this sword is relatively good, which might be due to the well-use of copper sulphides as anti-corrosion coatings on this sword. </text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <name>3D Model</name>
      <description>A 3D rendering of a physical object.</description>
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          <name>Place of Origin</name>
          <description>The geographic location where an object was made</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="411">
              <text>Henan province, Huangdao and Lushan, China</text>
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          <name>Artist/Maker</name>
          <description>The name of the artist, maker, or workshop that made the object</description>
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              <text>Tang Dynasty ceramic makers</text>
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          <description>A broad historical period, archaeological culture, or artistic movement in which an object was made</description>
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              <text>Tang dynasty </text>
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        <element elementId="72">
          <name>Date From</name>
          <description>Enter the lower end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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              <text>618 CE</text>
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          <name>Date To</name>
          <description>Enter the upper end of the date range, only enter a number without any label and use negative for BCE.  For example: enter '220' for 220 CE or '-220' for 220 BCE</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="415">
              <text>907 CE</text>
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          <name>Materials</name>
          <description>What an object is made of, including any later additions (mounts, frames, etc.)</description>
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              <text>Lead-glaze</text>
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              <text>32.2 cm</text>
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              <text>33.4 cm</text>
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              <text>32.2 CM</text>
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          <name>Accession Number</name>
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              <text>HKU.C.1965.0295</text>
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          <name>Description</name>
          <description>A short physical description of the object with an overview of its historical and social significance</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Ceramics with black glazes were first made in Zhejiang province during the Eastern Han dynasty. Several kilns in Henan province, especially in Huangdao and Lushan, produced examples of contrasting splashes of glaze in colors such as cream and white during the Tang dynasty. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This jar is one of the example too. After the initial glazing, the splashes were added by pouring them into cups that were held sideways or upside down so that they would trail around the body. The jar is mainly for storing things such as food and wine. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also, from the design of the jar, there are white glazes but not just only the stone jar which showed that Tang Dynasty was overall prosperous that even stonewares can include different kinds of extra designs</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Tang Dynasty's Jar </text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Tsang Ka Yue Jeffrey</text>
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